The term Armenian carpet has been known by various names throughout history and different regions. The Armenian Highlands have been a significant center for carpet weaving for centuries. The word “karpet” appears in Armenian literature as early as the 5th century, in the Armenian translation of the Bible. Follow Armenic Tours for more information about this significant heritage.
Over time, this term became synonymous with carpets. Another historical term, Khali or Gali, originates from the Arabic name of the city Kalikala (modern-day Erzurum), known for its rich carpet-making traditions. In medieval Armenian literature, another synonym, Bazmakan, derived from the word “bazmel” (to sit), was also used.
A noteworthy mention of the term “carpet” appears in the inscriptions of Kaputavanq dating back to 1242-1243.
The Oldest Carpets in Armenia
Some of the oldest textile fragments in Armenia were discovered in the Ancient Tombs of Artik, dating back to 16th-9th centuries BCE. These fabrics feature intricate patterns such as swastikas, T-shaped designs, and meandering lines, motifs still present in Armenian carpets today. Excavations at Teishebaini Fortress (Karmir Blur, 7th century BCE) revealed carpet and textile fragments, proving that Urartians were familiar with carpet weaving.
Unique Features of Armenian Carpets
Armenian carpets are famous for their harmonious color schemes, primarily featuring shades of red, white, blue, green, and yellow. The weavers extracted the dyes from natural sources:
- Yellow from dyer’s chamomile
- Red from Armenian cochineal insects and madder roots
- Green from walnut husks, which also provided brown hues
- Black from pomegranate rinds
- They created Blue using a mix of various plant-based dyes, though they often imported indigo from India.
During the medieval period, the Arab Caliphate widely recognized Armenian carpets for their red hues, which led them to call them “red carpets.”
The primary raw material for Armenian carpets was wool from “Balbas” sheep, known for its durability and quality. They also frequently used Angora goat wool. In regions where cotton and silk production thrived, skilled weavers incorporated these materials into carpets.
A distinguishing feature of Armenian carpets is their ornamental patterns, each carrying a symbolic meaning. These motifs also appear in Armenian sculpture, miniature art, architecture, and metalwork.
Dragon Carpets (Vishapagorg)
One of the most famous types of Armenian carpets is the Vishapagorg (Dragon Carpet). In Armenian culture, dragons have symbolized natural forces rather than purely evil entities. The Dragon Carpet represents protective and benevolent energies, believed to guard households from negative influences. This tradition dates back to the 3rd-2nd millennium BCE.
Common elements in Dragon Carpets include Dragon figures, the Tree of Life, Phoenix symbols, and Geometric patterns such as triangles, zigzags, and eternity symbols. Armenians predominantly dyed these carpets using cochineal.
For Armenians, Dragon Carpets symbolize Victory and Protection. People called the Armenian god of war, Vahagn, “Vishapakagh,” meaning “dragon slayer”. Many believed that owning a Dragon Carpet ensured protection from evil forces.
Armenian Carpet Weaving: A Craft and an Art
Developed within a specific ethnic and cultural context, Armenian carpets evolved alongside the people, adapting to changing needs and influences. Carpets were never just household items. They held ritualistic and symbolic significance, making them a cornerstone of Armenian cultural heritage.
Armenian carpets often tell stories, with each motif carrying a hidden narrative or historical memory. Some were even believed to possess healing properties, as they were woven from natural wool and dyed with plant-based colors. Traditionally, large carpets were hung in homes, and family photographs or cherished belongings were often displayed on them.
The Function of Armenian Carpet
Initially, Armenian carpets served practical purposes, such as wall hangings, floor coverings, and bedspreads. In churches, people used carpets as curtains for “Altars”. In homes, they placed them over doorways, partitions, or cradles. They even used carpet fibers to make horse decorations, saddle blankets, and storage bags.
Over time, carpets became valuable decorative elements in royal palaces and aristocratic mansions. Early Dragon Carpets often featured mythological creatures like phoenixes, camels, lions, and deer.
Even the famous 13th-century Venetian traveler Marco Polo noted that Armenians wove the finest carpets in the world. By the 11th century, authorities officially regulated the sale of Armenian carpets at the highest state level.
The Legacy of Armenian Carpet Today
Despite modern technological advancements, Armenian carpets remain an integral part of Armenian culture. Skilled weavers actively preserve the tradition of carpet weaving, ensuring that the art continues to thrive.
The well-known Megerian Carpet Company, with over a century of experience, produces and restores antique Armenian carpets while preserving traditional weaving techniques.
Visitors can explore exclusive Armenian carpet collections at the History Museum of Armenia, National Museum of Ethnography, Hovhannes Sharambeyan Folk Art Center, and the Armenian Carpet National Center.
Conclusion
Armenian carpets are more than just textiles; they are a reflection of history, culture, and identity. Their intricate designs, rich colors, and deep symbolism make them unique in the world of traditional crafts. Today, people around the world continue to recognize Armenian carpets, preserving the legacy of this ancient art form.
FAQ
What makes Armenian carpets unique in design and symbolism?
Armenian carpets are famous for their rich symbolism, intricate geometric motifs, and vibrant natural dyes. Common patterns include dragons, the Tree of Life, and eternity symbols, each representing protection, victory, and cultural identity. These designs also appear in Armenian sculpture and architecture, highlighting the deep connection between carpet weaving and Armenian heritage.
What is the history of Armenian carpet weaving
Armenian carpet weaving dates back thousands of years, with ancient fragments discovered in Artik and Teishebaini. The tradition flourished during the medieval period and was internationally praised by travelers like Marco Polo. Known for their quality wool and natural dyes, Armenian carpets were even regulated by royal authorities in the 11th century, underscoring their cultural and economic value.
Where can you see traditional Armenian carpets today
You can view traditional Armenian carpets at top museums like the History Museum of Armenia, the National Museum of Ethnography, and the Armenian Carpet National Center. The Megerian Carpet Company also showcases antique collections and continues to preserve authentic Armenian weaving techniques for modern audiences.
